STIRship Enterprise: a special series on space architecture and design

STIRship Enterprise is a collection of essays to introduce terrestrial architects, engineers and designers to the world of Space Architecture + Design.

The name STIRship Enterprise is inspired by Star Trek. For those of you not familiar with Star Trek, Starship Enterprise or USS Enterprise is the name of several fictional spacecraft used for various television series and films in the Star Trek science fiction franchise.

This series of essays will focus on human space ferries made by government space agencies and private space companies.

The series begins with an essay about SpaceShipTwo or VSS Unity, a suborbital rocket-powered crewed spaceplane that carried Richard Branson and a small Virgin Atlantic crew to the edge of space and back on July 11, 2021.

The other essays in the series will feature:

• New Shepard, a vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing, crew-rated suborbital launch vehicle developed by Blue Origin as a commercial system for suborbital space tourism.
• Crew Dragon, a partially reusable capsule made by SpaceX to ferry astronauts to the orbiting International Space Station (ISS).
• Shenzhou, a spacecraft developed and operated by China to support its crewed spaceflight program. The first launch happened in November 1999 and the latest Shenzhou variant flew to the third-generation Chinese space station Tianhe. Shenzhou previously flew Chinese astronauts to Tiangong-1 and 2, the predecessors to Tianhe.
• Soyuz, a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau in the 1960s remains in service today. The Soyuz is the most frequently used launch vehicle in the world as of 2021. It was the human ferry for the former Russian Space Station Mir and has been the only ferry serving the ISS continuously since 1998.

1. A reusable rocket plane named VSS Unity

The first essay in our brand-new series on space design, STIRship Enterprise, delves into the salient design features as well as the sequence of events leading up to the successful July 2021 test flight of Virgin Galactic’s reusable spacecraft - the VSS Unity, and what it means for the future of space travel and exploration.

2. New Shepard: A tourist rocket for suborbital jaunts

The commercial New Shepard suborbital flight experience of a grand 11 minutes is designed to usher in the era of 'casual space tourism’, which many (including myself) believe will have a detrimental effect on the near-earth space environment which is already polluted with millions of man-made debris objects moving at enormous speeds. Unlike in the days of Gagarin and Glen, we cannot treat spaceflight without a good measure of eco-anxiety given the anthropogenic climate crisis that our home planet is now experiencing.

3. Dragon: A crew and cargo ferry to the space station

In the third essay in our space design series, we focus on the spacecraft Dragon by SpaceX and NASA. The American human spaceflight program did not have a crew vehicle to ferry its astronauts to the ISS from July 2011 until the debut of SpaceX’s Crew Dragon in 2020. The Crew Dragon spacecraft Resilience launched on November 16, 2020, on a Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center carrying NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover, and Shannon Walker along with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Soichi Noguchi, all members of the Expedition 645 crew.

4. Shenzhou: The star of China’s human space program

The fourth essay in the space design series focuses on the manned spacecraft Shenzhou by China and its significance in the country’s space race. China has surpassed the United States and Russia as a space power. In 2021, with 55 launches in a single year, China beat the United States to become the leading launch nation in the world. On May 14, 2021, the Chinese lander rover Tianwen-1 successfully touched down on Mars, making China the third nation, after the Soviet Union and the United States, to make a soft landing on and establish communication from the Martian surface. On May 22, 2021, the Zhurong rover drove onto the Martian surface using the descent ramps on its landing platform. With the successful deployment of the rover, China became the second nation, after the US, to accomplish this feat. China is the first nation to successfully carry out an orbiting, landing, and rovering mission on Mars, on its maiden attempt.

5. Soyuz: the world’s most reliable human spacecraft

The fifth essay in the space design series focuses on the Soyuz. There are two types of Soyuz—the first is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by OKB and manufactured by Progress Rocket Centre in Samara, Russia. Soyuz also happens to be a series of spacecraft, which have been flying since their debut, in 1967. Soyuz, the rocket, is the most frequently used launch vehicle in the world, and as of 2021, has made 1900 flights since its debut in 1966.